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The Human State in Martin Heidegger’s and Hannah Arendt's Phenomenology Introduction Martin Heidegger and his student Hannah Arendt, among the most influential thinkers in continental philosophy, offer profound yet contrasting philosophies on the human condition. Both are deeply rooted in the phenomenological tradition established by Edmund Husserl. Heidegger's Being and Time explores the fundamental question …

Introduction Hegel's revolutionary conception of categories marks a significant departure from the traditional static view of categorization. It presents a more dynamic and dialectical understanding of how we organize and make sense of the world, enlightening us with its transformative potential. (Alznauer 2023) In Hegel’s philosophical system, categories are not fixed, isolated entities but exist …

Introduction Carl Schmitt’s concept of politische Form—translated as “political form”—is a cornerstone of his political thought. Developed most prominently in Römischer Katholizismus und politische Form (1923) and elaborated further in Verfassungslehre (1928), the idea of political form ties together some of Schmitt’s most crucial concerns: sovereignty, authority, representation, and the structural order of political life. …

Introduction to Transhumanism Transhumanism is not a complete philosophical system that stands as an autonomous school of thought, but rather a collection of loosely connected ideas centered around one core principle: improving the human condition through technological advancement.  Teleologically, this loose confederation of thinkers, scientists, and entrepreneurial enthusiasts believes that thoughts, feelings, experiences, and activities …

Philosophical discourse has traditionally framed knowledge through a masculinized logic—often at the expense of recognizing feminine subjectivity or difference. Luce Irigaray confronts this tradition by rethinking the conditions under which knowledge is produced and meaning constructed. Through her engagement with psychoanalysis, ontology, and language, she reveals how the structures of Western thought—particularly rationalism and the …