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Philippe Bénéton, a French political philosopher, offers a profound exploration of political regimes in his seminal work, Les Régimes Politiques. This text delves into the nature, structure, and implications of different forms of government, providing a comprehensive, historically grounded, and philosophically rich analysis. Bénéton’s approach is deeply influenced by classical political theory, particularly the works …

Max Weber's analysis of capitalism has long been celebrated for its depth and insight, but one of his most striking and underexplored assertions concerns the profound Christian origins of capitalism. Weber argued that these Christian foundations were not merely incidental to capitalism's rise but central to its structure, functioning, and ethical constraints. His recognition of …

For Lefort, writing and language are not neutral communication tools but are imbued with political significance. They are symbolic practices that both reflect and shape the social order. In democratic societies, writing is of special importance because it embodies the principles of openness, debate, and contestation that define democratic life. In this context, writing becomes …

Claude Lefort and Pierre Manent offer contrasting yet complementary views on “the political form.” Lefort emphasizes the openness and indeterminacy of democracy, arguing that a healthy political form requires constant contestation and pluralism. Manent, by contrast, stresses the importance of stable political structures, particularly the nation-state, as essential for preserving a shared moral order and …

Progressive modernity says that reality is a dead thing and that what we do is to project our feelings and notions onto it merely. How thrilling it may seem to become like gods, making good and evil for ourselves. You can be whatever you want to be, and the world can be whatever you make …

Following the classical literature, we could say that liberal education differentiates a free man from a slave (passions).  The full understanding of the meaning of liberal education can be found, for example, in the literature of Plato (The Laws and The Republic), Aristotle (Politics), and Xenophon (Education of Cyrus), as stated precisely in a passage …

Habermas, on the other hand, talks more about procedural popular sovereignty. The difference with Arendt lies in his understanding of autonomy. Whereas Arendt, like Carl Schmitt, identifies political autonomy with a specific public space in which citizens confront each other face to face, for Habermas, Kelsen, and Luhmann autonomy is a characteristic of a specific …